EQ-5D-3L | Population Norms
National normative data can be used to benchmark the outcomes of specific groups (e.g. patients) against the health of the general population of a country or region. EQ-5D-3L population norm data has been published for a number of countries. Please contact us if you have plans to collect or publish EQ-5D-3L population norm data.
EQ-5D-3L Population Norm Studies – Multiple countries
| Country | Reference |
|---|---|
| 6 European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain) | Comparison of population health status in six european countries: results of a representative survey using the EQ-5D questionnaire. König HH, Bernert S, Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Martinez M, Vilagut G, Haro JM, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Kovess V, Alonso J; ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators. Med Care. 2009 Feb;47(2):255-61. (Data also presented in: Szende A, Janssen B, Cabases J, editors. Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Dordrecht (NL): Springer; 2014.) |
| EQ-5D population norms for 20 countries | Population norms for the EQ-5D-3L: a cross-country analysis of population surveys for 20 countries. Janssen MF, Szende A, Cabases J, Ramos-Goñi JM, Vilagut G, König HH. Eur J Health Econ. 2019 Mar;20(2):205-216. |
| 5 European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom) | General population normative data for the EQ-5D-3L in the five largest European economies. Janssen MF, Pickard AS, Shaw JW. Eur J Health Econ. 2021 Dec;22(9):1467-1475. |
| Central-Eastern Europe | Towards a Central-Eastern European EQ-5D-3L population norm: comparing data from Hungarian, Polish and Slovenian population studies. Zrubka Z, Golicki D, Prevolnik-Rupel V, Baji P, Rencz F, Brodszky V, Gulácsi L, Péntek M. Eur J Health Econ. 2019 Jun;20(Suppl 1):141-154. |
EQ-5D-3L Population Norm Studies – Individual countries
| Country | Reference |
|---|---|
| Armenia | Social inequalities in self-reported health: is Armenia different from Slovenia? Gharagebakyan G, Ghukasyan H, Williams A, Szende A (2003) In: Rupel VP (ed) 20th plenary meeting of the EuroQol Group. Discussion papers. Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Health, pp 79–87. |
| Australia | A comparison of EQ-5D-3L population norms in Queensland, Australia, estimated using utility value sets from Australia, the UK and USA. Clemens S, Begum N, Harper C, Whitty JA, Scuffham PA. Qual Life Res. 2014 Oct;23(8):2375-81. |
| Brazil | EQ-5D Brazilian population norms. Santos M, Monteiro AL, Santos B. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021 Jun 10;19(1):162. |
| Canada (Alberta) | Comparison of the EQ-5D and SF-12 health surveys in a general population survey in Alberta, Canada. Johnson JA, Pickard AS. Med Care. 2000 Jan;38(1):115-21. |
| China | Population norms for the EQ-5D-3L in China derived from the 2013 National Health Services Survey. Yao Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Xu L. J Glob Health. 2021 Feb 11;11:08001. |
| China (Heilongjiang) | Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life of Chinese Adults in Heilongjiang Using EQ-5D-3L. Huang W, Yu H, Liu C, Liu G, Wu Q, Zhou J, Zhang X, Zhao X, Shi L, Xu X. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Feb 23;14(3):224. |
| China | Population health status in China: EQ-5D results, by age, sex and socio-economic status, from the National Health Services Survey 2008. Sun S, Chen J, Johannesson M, Kind P, Xu L, Zhang Y, Burström K. Qual Life Res. 2011 Apr;20(3):309-20. (Data also presented in: Szende A, Janssen B, Cabases J, editors. Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Dordrecht (NL): Springer; 2014 .) |
| Denmark | Danish EQ-5D population norms. Sørensen J, Davidsen M, Gudex C, Pedersen KM, Brønnum-Hansen H. Scand J Public Health. 2009 Jul;37(5):467-74. (Data also presented in: Szende A, Janssen B, Cabases J, editors. Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Dordrecht (NL): Springer; 2014.) |
| Greece | Quality of life measurment and health production in Greece. Yfantopoulos Y (1999) In: Greiner W, Schulenburg J-M. Graf v.d., Piercy J (eds) (EuroQol) Plenary meeting. Discussion papers. Uni-Verlag Witte, Hannover, pp 100–114 |
| Hungary | Health-related quality of life of the Hungarian population Szende A, Németh R. A agyar lakosság egészségi állapothoz kapcsolódó életminósége. Orv Hetil. 2003 Aug 24;144(34):1667-74. Hungarian. (Data also presented in: Szende A, Janssen B, Cabases J, editors. Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Dordrecht (NL): Springer; 2014 .) |
| Japan | Japanese population norms for preference-based measures: EQ-5D-3L, EQ-5D-5L, and SF-6D. Shiroiwa T, Fukuda T, Ikeda S, Igarashi A, Noto S, Saito S, Shimozuma K. Qual Life Res. 2016 Mar;25(3):707-19. |
| Norway | General population norms for the EQ-5D-3 L in Norway: comparison of postal and web surveys. Stavem K, Augestad LA, Kristiansen IS, Rand K. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018 Oct 19;16(1):204. |
| Poland | General population reference values for 3-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire in Poland. Golicki D, Niewada M. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2015;125(1-2):18-26. |
| Portugal | EQ-5D Portuguese population norms. Ferreira LN, Ferreira PL, Pereira LN, Oppe M. Qual Life Res. 2014 Mar;23(2):425-30. |
| Singapore | Measuring health-related quality of life among adults in Singapore: population norms for the EQ-5D. Abdin E, Subramaniam M, Vaingankar JA, Luo N, Chong SA. Qual Life Res. 2013 Dec;22(10):2983-91. |
| Sri Lanka | EQ-5D-3L derived population norms for health related quality of life in Sri Lanka. Kularatna S, Whitty JA, Johnson NW, Jayasinghe R, Scuffham PA. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 3;9(11):e108434. |
| Sweden | Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) among homeless persons compared to a general population sample in Stockholm County, 2006. Sun S, Irestig R, Burström B, Beijer U, Burström K. Scand J Public Health. 2012 Mar;40(2):115-25. (Data also presented in: Szende A, Janssen B, Cabases J, editors. Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Dordrecht (NL): Springer; 2014.) |
| Switzerland (French speaking) | General population reference values for the French version of the EuroQol EQ-5D health utility instrument. Perneger TV, Combescure C, Courvoisier DS. Value Health. 2010 Aug;13(5):631-5. |
| United Kingdom | Variations in population health status: results from a United Kingdom national questionnaire survey. Kind P, Dolan P, Gudex C, Williams A. BMJ. 1998 Mar 7;316(7133):736-41. (Data also presented in: Szende A, Janssen B, Cabases J, editors. Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Dordrecht (NL): Springer; 2014.) |
(Version 22FEB2022)